DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, while RNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Another difference is the presence of different nitrogenous bases. DNA contains deoxyribose, which is a sugar molecule with one less oxygen atom compared to ribose, the sugar molecule found in RNA. Nucleotides in both DNA and RNA consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.īoth contain the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine.īoth are involved in the transmission of genetic information.īoth play important roles in the synthesis and regulation of proteins. While it's highly unlikely for an AP Biology standalone MCQ or FRQ to ask about the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA, it's important to learn the foundational knowledge to answer more complex, application-centered questions down the road!īoth are nucleic acids, meaning they are made up of nucleotides. Therefore, the percentage of guanine in the sample is 10%! DNA vs. Since the percentage of A in the sample is 40% and the percentage of T is 20%, we know that the percentage of G must be equal to the percentage of C, which is 10%. To solve this problem, we can use Chargaff's rule, which states that in a double-stranded DNA molecule, the percentage of A is equal to the percentage of T, and the percentage of G is equal to the percentage of C. Example (with Arithmetic)Ī researcher isolates a sample of DNA from a species of plant and finds that it contains the following amounts of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) = 40%, thymine (T) = 40%, and cytosine (C) = 10%.Īccording to Chargaff's rule, what is the percentage of guanine in the sample? DNA is structured as an antiparallel double helix, with each strand running in opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation, and the 5’ end of one molecule is paired with the 3’ end of the other molecule and vice versa. The three types of RNA you should know: mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA).Ī prime (ʹ) identifies the carbon atoms in the ribose, such as the 2ʹ carbon or 5ʹ carbon. RNA (ribonucleic acid) tends to be single-stranded, yet also has a sugar-phosphate backbone. Each strand of DNA consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone that keeps the nucleotides connected with the strand. Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C) three hydrogen bonds when pairing the bases.ĭNA is arranged in a double helix made of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. Image courtesy of EpoMedicine Chargaff’s Ruleīase pairing rules of purines and pyrimidinesĪdenine pairs with thymine (A-T) two hydrogen bonds when pairing the bases. This process is essential for the replication and expression of genetic information. During DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing strand, forming covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides. The sequence is defined by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) on the 3' carbon of one nucleotide and a phosphate group on the 5' carbon of the next nucleotide. Nucleic acids have a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked by covalent bonds. It is responsible for directing its own replication, causing the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), and using mRNA to control protein synthesis. □ Deoxyribonucleic Acidĭeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that stores and transmits genetic information. The sequence of nucleotides in a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein, which in turn determines the protein's function. They are made of DNA and are found on chromosomes. Genes are a specific unit of inheritance that contain the instructions for synthesizing particular proteins. DNA is the genetic material that stores the instructions for building proteins, while RNA is involved in the synthesis of proteins from the instructions stored in DNA. There are two main types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA). They are made up of monomers called nucleotides, which consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Nucleic acids are large complex molecules that play a crucial role in the storage, transmission, and expression of hereditary information.
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